glib: Add missing (nullable) and (optional) annotations

Add various (nullable) and (optional) annotations which were missing
from a variety of functions. Also port a couple of existing (allow-none)
annotations in the same files to use (nullable) and (optional) as
appropriate instead.

Secondly, add various (not nullable) annotations as needed by the new
default in gobject-introspection of marking gpointers as (nullable). See
https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=729660.

This includes adding some stub documentation comments for the
assertion macro error functions, which weren’t previously documented.
The new comments are purely to allow for annotations, and hence are
marked as (skip) to prevent the symbols appearing in the GIR file.

https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=719966

gobject/gparam.c

@@ -417,7 +417,7 @@ is_canonical (const gchar *key)
  * @blurb, which should be a somewhat longer description, suitable for
  * e.g. a tooltip. The @nick and @blurb should ideally be localized.
  *
- * Returns: a newly allocated #GParamSpec instance
+ * Returns: (type GObject.ParamSpec): a newly allocated #GParamSpec instance
  */
 gpointer
 g_param_spec_internal (GType        param_type,