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http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/:
[1]Back to Dave Coffin's Home Page
[2]en Esperanto
Welcome! If you are wondering how to connect your digital camera and
download images to a Linux PC, go to the [3]gPhoto homepage. My
software is for processing those images after downloading them.
If you're downloading JPEG files, you don't need my software at all.
The image has already been processed inside the camera. Almost all
digital cameras made since 1997 produce JPEG images, so why would you
want to do it any other way?
Well, despite the convenience and ubiquity of JPEG, there are some
disadvantages. JPEG is a lossy format -- to fit a big image into a
small file, a lot of information is thrown away. That's why midrange
and high-end digital cameras offer an alternative: Raw, unprocessed
CCD data files, for which the camera manufacturer provides special
decoding software.
Of course this software is for Windows and Macintosh only, with no
source code. So it's useless to users of other operating systems,
programmers hoping to design a better interpolation algorithm, and
historians not yet born in an era when the only Windows machines will
be in museums.
So here is my mission: Write and maintain an ANSI C program that
decodes any raw image from any digital camera on any computer running
any operating system.
That program is called [4]dcraw (pronounced "dee-see-raw"), and it's
become a standard tool within and without the Open Source world. It's
small (about 7000 lines), portable (standard C libraries only), free
(both "gratis" and "libre"), and when used skillfully, produces
[5]better quality [6]output than the tools provided by the camera
vendor.
[7]Here's my resume. I do freelance consulting related to dcraw, and
I'm also available for full-time software work in the Northeast USA.
I can be reached by sending e-mail to cybercom dot net with the
username "dcoffin".
My Code
Unless otherwise noted in the source code, these programs are free for
all uses, although I would like to receive credit for them. Donations
are welcome too, if you're making money from my code.
Note to Linux distributors: The only executable files that should be
installed by a dcraw package are "dcraw", "clean_crw", and maybe
"fuji_green", "fujiturn", and "fujiturn16". My shell scripts are
dangerous and should only be installed in a "doc" directory without
execute permission.
* [8]dcraw.c -- decodes raw photos, extracts thumbnails, and
displays metadata
Supports 231 cameras at last count. Compile with "gcc -o dcraw -O4
dcraw.c -lm -ljpeg -llcms" or "gcc -o dcraw -O4 dcraw.c -lm
-DNO_JPEG -DNO_LCMS". Run with no arguments to see a usage
message. Don't complain that 16-bit output is too dark -- read the
FAQ!
* [9]rawphoto.c -- basic plugin for GIMP 1.2 & 2.0
After installing "dcraw", do "gimptool --install rawphoto.c". My
plugin provides a simple dialog box for loading raw files into the
Gimp. [10]Udi Fuchs and [11]Joseph Heled have written much nicer
plugins, with live preview, histograms, and color curves.
* [12].badpixels -- my camera's "hot pixels"
This file tells dcraw which pixels have died and when, so that it
can interpolate around them.
* [13]dcraw.1 -- UNIX manpage for dcraw
Contains details and helpful hints not found elsewhere.
* [14]dcraw.c,v -- complete unabridged RCS file
This file contains the entire history of dcraw.c since its
conception on February 23, 1997. If you don't have the RCS
toolkit, [15]download it here.
* [16]parse.c -- read image data structures
This program displays CIFF and TIFF data structures in a very
cryptic format.
* [17]clean_crw.c -- clean Canon CRW files
Recovered or undeleted CRW files often have junk appended to them
that makes them unreadable. This program safely cleans CRW files.
* [18]fujiturn.c -- rotate Fuji Super CCD images
An alternative to dcraw's built-in Fuji rotation.
* [19]fuji_green.c -- convert Fuji green pixels to PGM
A side benefit of the Fuji Super CCD design is that its green
pixels make nice greyscale images.
For hackers only:
* [20]decompress.c is a simple reference decompressor for CRW files.
* [21]sony_clear.c decrypts SRF files from the Sony DSC-F828.
Other Raw Photo Decoders
Dcraw has made it far easier for developers to support a wide range of
digital cameras in their applications. They can call dcraw from a
graphical interface, paste pieces of dcraw.c into their code, or just
use dcraw.c as the documentation that camera makers refuse to provide:
* [22]ACDSee
* [23]Adobe Photoshop
* [24]BR's PhotoArchiver by Baard Riiber
* [25]BreezeBrowser by Chris Breeze
* [26]Conceiva Lightbox
* [27]cPicture by J<>rgen Eidt
* [28]Cumulus by Canto
* [29]dcRAW-X by Bryan Chang
* [30]DCRawUI by Sune Trudslev
* [31]Directory Opus Plugin by Leo Davidson(with C++ source code)
* [32]DeepSkyStacker by Luc Coiffier
* [33]dpMagic by Mikhail Stolpner
* [34]EasyRaw Studio
* [35]GraphicConverter by Thorsten Lemke
* [36]GVBox from JCO Consulting
* [37]ImageLab from Aragon System
* [38]IrfanView by Irfan Skiljan
* [39]IRIS image processor for astronomers
* [40]KA Photoservice
* [41]Lightbox by Josh Anon
* [42]LightZone by Anton Kast
* [43]Photo Companion by Jeff Moore
* [44]Photo Jockey by Davie Lee Reed who also wrote a [45]dcraw
interface for Delphi programmers.
* [46]Photo Organizer by Balint Kis
* [47]PhotoReviewer by Ben Haller
* [48]Picasa from Google
* [49]Picture Arena by Felix Schwarz
* [50]PixInsight by Pleiades Software
* [51]PiXPO by How2Share Technologies
* [52]PolyView by Polybytes
* [53]PowerShovel-II by Luc Minnebo
* [54]RAW Developer by Iridient Digital
* [55]Raw Magick
* [56]RawConvert by Jason Swain
* [57]RawDrop by Frank Siegert
* [58]RawShooter from pixmantec
* [59]RawView by Jari Savolainen
* [60]Serif PhotoPlus, PanoramaPlus, and AlbumPlus
* [61]SharpRaw by Duane DeSieno
* [62]SilverFast DCPro by LaserSoft Imaging
* [63]StudioLine Photo by H&M Software
* [64]ViewIt by Zdzislaw Losvik
* [65]Viewer n5 by Dmitry Fedorov
* [66]VueScan by Ed Hamrick
Frequently Asked Questions
I don't have a C compiler. Could you send me an executable?
No, but Francisco Montilla provides Mac OS and Windows
executables [67]on his website. And Benjamin Lebsanft has
volunteered to maintain [68]Windows executables optimized for
specific CPUs.
If you're familiar with the DOS command line but don't know C,
you can install this [69]free C compiler for Windows and
compile dcraw.c quite easily.
How can I read the EXIF data (shutter speed, aperture, etc.)?
[70]Phil Harvey's ExifTool provides a unified Perl-based EXIF
reader (and editor!) for all cameras and file formats. "dcraw
-i -v" is much faster, but provides less information.
How can I read NEF files from Nikon scanners?
Dcraw only supports cameras. Try [71]this simple program for
scanners.
How can I read Nikon Dust Off images (NDF files)?
[72]Use this program.
Do you have any specifications describing raw photo formats?
Yes, but they tend to omit important details, like how to
decompress the raw image or decrypt private metadata. See the
[73]TIFF spec, the [74]TIFF/EP spec, the [75]Adobe DNG spec,
the [76]CIFF (CRW) spec, and the [77]X3F spec.
I'm designing a digital camera. How do I convert its raw photos into
something that dcraw and Adobe Photoshop can open?
Download [78]LibTIFF v3.8.0 and apply [79]this patch. Then use
[80]this C program as a template for converting your photos to
valid [81]Adobe DNG files.
I shot a raw photo with no light. Why does it appear all noisy, when
it should be solid black?
No matter how dark an image is, dcraw's auto-exposure stretches
it so that one percent of its pixels appear white. The "-b"
option adjusts this behavior, while "-4" (16-bit output) avoids
it entirely.
I bracket plus/minus two stops, but all five shots look almost the
same in dcraw. Why?
See the previous question.
Why is 16-bit output dark / unreadable?
If you want pretty pictures straight out of dcraw, stay with
8-bit output. 16-bit linear output is the best raw material for
professional image editors such as [82]Photoshop and
[83]CinePaint, but it's no good for most image viewers.
What does the "-f" (four color RGB) option do?
If you see patterns like [84]this or [85]this in your output
images, first try "dcraw -a". If these patterns persist, use
"dcraw -f" to get rid of them.
Could you please add an option for TIFF / FITS / PNG / BMP / JPEG
output?
In versions 8.25 and later, "dcraw -T" writes TIFF output with
metadata. To write other formats:
dcraw -c crw_0001.crw | pnmtofits > crw_0001.fits
dcraw -c crw_0001.crw | pnmtopng > crw_0001.png
dcraw -c crw_0001.crw | ppmtobmp > crw_0001.bmp
dcraw -c crw_0001.crw | cjpeg > crw_0001.jpeg
I used the [86]Netpbm toolkit in these examples.
[87]ImageMagick also does command-line format conversions. Both
are free.
Why don't you implement dcraw as a library?
I have decided that dcraw shall be a command-line program
written in C, and that any further abstraction layers must be
added around this core, not inside it.
Library code is ugly because it cannot use global variables.
Libraries are more difficult to modify, build, install, and
test than standalone programs, and so are inappropriate for
file formats that change every day.
There's a simpler way to make dcraw modular and thread-safe:
Run it as a separate process. Eric Raymond [88]explains this
technique here.
Why are there false colors along edges within the image?
Because of interpolation. This is a hard problem, easily
defined:
1. Take a three-color RGB image. At each pixel, set two color
values to zero.
2. Reconstruct the original three-color image as best you can
from the remaining one color per pixel.
Dcraw currently gives a choice of three methods: Bilinear,
Variable Number of Gradients (VNG), and Adaptive
Homogeneity-Directed (AHD).
[89]The Foveon X3 Capture chip requires a different kind of
interpolation. Unlike CCD arrays, it captures three colors at
every pixel location. But the colors are not well separated, so
the raw data looks very gray. Much processing is needed to
enhance color while suppressing noise.
How do I get my camera to take raw photos?
For some Nikon Coolpix cameras, you need to enable a
[90]special "DIAG RAW" mode.
For Casio cameras, see [91]Maurice Delaney's website or read
[92]this discussion on dpreview.
For the Minolta DiMAGE G400, G500, G530, or G600, go [93]here
(in Russian) or [94]here (in English).
For the Minolta DiMAGE Z2 and Nikon Coolpix 2100/3100/3700,
[95]go here.
For SMaL cameras, see the [96]camerahacking Forum.
For other cameras, refer to the User's Manual.
Does dcraw work with my camera?
Most likely, yes. If your camera is not on the list below, try
dcraw anyway. If it doesn't work, post a raw image to a website
and e-mail me the URL. If you don't have a website, use
[97]Dropload or [98]YouSendIt.
Ideally, your sample image should show a standard white card or
color chart in direct sunlight, with other colors in the
background.
Supported Cameras
* Adobe Digital Negative (DNG)
* AVT F-145C
* AVT F-201C
* AVT F-510C
* AVT F-810C
* Canon PowerShot 600
* Canon PowerShot A5
* Canon PowerShot A5 Zoom
* Canon PowerShot A50
* Canon PowerShot Pro70
* Canon PowerShot Pro90 IS
* Canon PowerShot G1
* Canon PowerShot G2
* Canon PowerShot G3
* Canon PowerShot G5
* Canon PowerShot G6
* Canon PowerShot S30
* Canon PowerShot S40
* Canon PowerShot S45
* Canon PowerShot S50
* Canon PowerShot S60
* Canon PowerShot S70
* Canon PowerShot Pro1
* Canon EOS D30
* Canon EOS D60
* Canon EOS 5D
* Canon EOS 10D
* Canon EOS 20D
* Canon EOS 30D
* Canon EOS 300D / Digital Rebel / Kiss Digital
* Canon EOS 350D / Digital Rebel XT / Kiss Digital N
* Canon EOS 400D / Digital Rebel XTi / Kiss Digital X
* Canon EOS D2000C
* Canon EOS-1D
* Canon EOS-1DS
* Canon EOS-1D Mark II
* Canon EOS-1D Mark II N
* Canon EOS-1Ds Mark II
* Casio QV-2000UX
* Casio QV-3000EX
* Casio QV-3500EX
* Casio QV-4000
* Casio QV-5700
* Casio QV-R51
* Casio QV-R61
* Casio EX-S100
* Casio EX-Z50
* Casio EX-Z55
* Casio Exlim Pro 505
* Casio Exlim Pro 600
* Casio Exlim Pro 700
* Contax N Digital
* Creative PC-CAM 600
* Epson R-D1
* Foculus 531C
* Fuji FinePix E550
* Fuji FinePix E900
* Fuji FinePix F700
* Fuji FinePix F710
* Fuji FinePix F800
* Fuji FinePix F810
* Fuji FinePix S2Pro
* Fuji FinePix S3Pro
* Fuji FinePix S20Pro
* Fuji FinePix S5000
* Fuji FinePix S5100/S5500
* Fuji FinePix S5200/S5600
* Fuji FinePix S7000
* Fuji FinePix S9000/S9500
* Imacon Ixpress 16-megapixel
* Imacon Ixpress 22-megapixel
* Imacon Ixpress 39-megapixel
* ISG 2020x1520
* Kodak DC20 (see [99]Oliver Hartman's page)
* Kodak DC25 (see [100]Jun-ichiro Itoh's page)
* Kodak DC40
* Kodak DC50
* Kodak DC120 (also try [101]kdc2tiff)
* Kodak DCS315C
* Kodak DCS330C
* Kodak DCS420
* Kodak DCS460
* Kodak DCS460A
* Kodak DCS520C
* Kodak DCS560C
* Kodak DCS620C
* Kodak DCS620X
* Kodak DCS660C
* Kodak DCS660M
* Kodak DCS720X
* Kodak DCS760C
* Kodak DCS760M
* Kodak EOSDCS1
* Kodak EOSDCS3B
* Kodak NC2000F
* Kodak ProBack
* Kodak PB645C
* Kodak PB645H
* Kodak PB645M
* Kodak DCS Pro 14n
* Kodak DCS Pro 14nx
* Kodak DCS Pro SLR/c
* Kodak DCS Pro SLR/n
* Kodak P850
* Kodak P880
* Kodak KAI-0340
* Konica KD-400Z
* Konica KD-510Z
* Leaf Aptus 17
* Leaf Aptus 22
* Leaf Aptus 65
* Leaf Aptus 75
* Leaf Cantare
* Leaf CatchLight
* Leaf CMost
* Leaf DCB2
* Leaf Valeo 6
* Leaf Valeo 11
* Leaf Valeo 17
* Leaf Valeo 22
* Leaf Volare
* Leica Digilux 2
* Leica D-Lux 2
* Logitech Fotoman Pixtura
* Micron 2010
* Minolta RD175
* Minolta DiMAGE 5
* Minolta DiMAGE 7
* Minolta DiMAGE 7i
* Minolta DiMAGE 7Hi
* Minolta DiMAGE A1
* Minolta DiMAGE A2
* Minolta DiMAGE A200
* Minolta DiMAGE G400
* Minolta DiMAGE G500
* Minolta DiMAGE G530
* Minolta DiMAGE G600
* Minolta DiMAGE Z2
* Minolta Alpha/Dynax/Maxxum 5D
* Minolta Alpha/Dynax/Maxxum 7D
* Nikon D1
* Nikon D1H
* Nikon D1X
* Nikon D2H
* Nikon D2Hs
* Nikon D2X
* Nikon D50
* Nikon D70
* Nikon D70s
* Nikon D80
* Nikon D100
* Nikon D200
* Nikon E700 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E800 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E880 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E900 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E950 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E990 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E995 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E2100 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E2500 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E3200 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E3700 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E4300 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E4500 ("DIAG RAW" hack)
* Nikon E5000
* Nikon E5400
* Nikon E5700
* Nikon E8400
* Nikon E8700
* Nikon E8800
* Olympus C3030Z
* Olympus C5050Z
* Olympus C5060WZ
* Olympus C7070WZ
* Olympus C70Z,C7000Z
* Olympus C740UZ
* Olympus C770UZ
* Olympus C8080WZ
* Olympus E-1
* Olympus E-10
* Olympus E-20
* Olympus E-300
* Olympus E-330
* Olympus E-500
* Olympus SP310
* Olympus SP320
* Olympus SP350
* Olympus SP500UZ
* Panasonic DMC-FZ30
* Panasonic DMC-FZ50
* Panasonic DMC-LC1
* Panasonic DMC-LX1
* Panasonic DMC-LX2
* Pentax *ist D
* Pentax *ist DL
* Pentax *ist DL2
* Pentax *ist DS
* Pentax *ist DS2
* Pentax K100D
* Pentax Optio S
* Pentax Optio S4
* Pentax Optio 33WR
* Phase One LightPhase
* Phase One H 10
* Phase One H 20
* Phase One H 25
* Phase One P 20
* Phase One P 25
* Phase One P 30
* Phase One P 45
* Pixelink A782
* Polaroid x530
* Rollei d530flex
* RoverShot 3320af
* Samsung GX-1S
* Sarnoff 4096x5440
* Sigma SD9
* Sigma SD10
* Sinar 3072x2048
* Sinar 4080x4080
* Sinar 4080x5440
* Sinar STI format
* SMaL Ultra-Pocket 3
* SMaL Ultra-Pocket 4
* SMaL Ultra-Pocket 5
* Sony DSC-F828
* Sony DSC-R1
* Sony DSC-V3
* Sony DSLR-A100
* Sony XCD-SX910CR
* STV680 VGA
_________________________________________________________________
References
1. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/
2. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/index_eo.html
3. http://gphoto.sourceforge.net/
4. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/dcraw.c
5. http://www.insflug.org/raw/
6. http://www.aim-dtp.net/aim/digicam/dcraw/
7. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/resume.html
8. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/dcraw.c
9. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/rawphoto.c
10. http://ufraw.sourceforge.net/
11. http://pages.quicksilver.net.nz/pepe/
12. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/.badpixels
13. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/dcraw.1
14. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/RCS/dcraw.c,v
15. http://www.cs.purdue.edu/homes/trinkle/RCS/
16. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/parse.c
17. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/clean_crw.c
18. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/fujiturn.c
19. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/fuji_green.c
20. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/decompress.c
21. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/sony_clear.c
22. http://www.acdsystems.com/
23. http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/cameraraw.html
24. http://www.br-software.com/
25. http://www.breezesys.com/
26. http://www.conceiva.com/
27. http://cpicture.net/en/t_raw.html
28. http://www.canto.com/
29. http://frostyplace.com/dcraw/
30. http://www.tanis.dk/wiki/index.php/DCRawUI
31. http://www.pretentiousname.com/jp2raw/
32. http://deepskystacker.free.fr/
33. http://www.dpmagic.com/
34. http://www.easyraw.com/
35. http://www.lemkesoft.com/
36. http://jcoconsulting.com/index.asp?Section=GVOCX
37. http://www.aragonsystem.com/
38. http://www.irfanview.com/
39. http://www.astrosurf.com/buil/us/iris/iris.htm
40. http://www.kaorg.com/photoservice.asp
41. http://www.lightboxsoftware.com/
42. http://sonic.net/~rat/lightcrafts/
43. http://www.wildcape.com/
44. http://photojockey.com/
45. http://smatters.com/dcraw/
46. http://www.k-i-s.net/
47. http://www.sticksoftware.com/software/PhotoReviewer.html
48. http://www.picasa.com/
49. http://www.picturearena.com/
50. http://pleiades-astrophoto.com/
51. http://www.pixpo.com/
52. http://www.polybytes.com/
53. http://lens.liteserv.com/download/powershovel2.php
54. http://www.iridientdigital.com/
55. http://www.rawmagick.com/
56. http://www.i-graph.com/
57. http://www.wizards.de/rawdrop
58. http://www.pixmantec.com/
59. http://www.through-the-lens.net/
60. http://www.serif.com/
61. http://www.logicaldesigns.com/
62. http://www.silverfast.com/
63. http://www.studioline.net/
64. http://www.hexcat.com/viewit/
65. http://www.dimin.net/software/viewer/
66. http://www.hamrick.com/
67. http://www.insflug.org/raw/
68. http://www.lebsanft.org/blog/index.php?cat=9
69. http://www.delorie.com/djgpp/
70. http://www.sno.phy.queensu.ca/~phil/exiftool/
71. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/scan.c
72. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/read_ndf.c
73. http://partners.adobe.com/asn/developer/PDFS/TN/TIFF6.pdf
74. http://www.map.tu.chiba-u.ac.jp/IEC/100/TA2/recdoc/N4378.pdf
75. http://www.adobe.com/products/dng/pdfs/dng_spec.pdf
76. http://xyrion.org/ciff/
77. http://www.x3f.info/technotes/FileDocs/X3F_Format.pdf
78. http://dl.maptools.org/dl/libtiff/tiff-3.8.0.tar.gz
79. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/libtiff.patch
80. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/elphel_dng.c
81. http://www.adobe.com/products/dng/main.html
82. http://www.adobe.com/products/photoshop/main.html
83. http://cinepaint.sourceforge.net/
84. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/ahd_maze.png
85. http://www.cybercom.net/~dcoffin/dcraw/vng_grid.png
86. http://netpbm.sourceforge.net/
87. http://www.imagemagick.org/
88. http://www.faqs.org/docs/artu/multiprogramchapter.html
89. http://www.dpreview.com/news/0202/02021101foveonx3.asp
90. http://e2500.narod.ru/raw_format_e.htm
91. http://www.inweb.ch/foto/rawformat.html
92. http://forums.dpreview.com/forums/read.asp?forum=1015&message=4961779
93. http://myfototest.narod.ru/
94. http://forums.dpreview.com/forums/read.asp?forum=1024&message=11773287
95. http://tester13.nm.ru/nikon/
96. http://www.camerahacking.com/
97. http://dropload.com/
98. http://yousendit.com/
99. http://www.planet-interkom.de/oliver.hartmann/dc20secr.htm
100. http://www.itojun.org/diary/19961113/index.eng.html
101. http://kdc2tiff.sourceforge.net/
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