We want to have the ability to mark types that should not be derivable
even if they are in a deeply derivable type hierarchy; in other words,
leaf nodes in the types tree.
This works in the same way as g_variant_take_ref(), and for the same
reason.
Updated and Rebased by Nitin Wartkar <nitinwartkar58@gmail.com>
Closes#1112
gjs has some situations where it's not always aware of the @data that
was passed into g_object_add_toggle_ref, so allow passing %NULL to
just match on @notify.
Rebased and updated by Nitin Wartkar
Closes#817
It is cleaner to define glib_typeof() in a header included after
gversionmacros.h so we can use GLIB_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED directly
instead of doing it everywhere glib_typeof() is used.
Include the base URI in the `g_test_bug()` calls instead. This resolves
inconsistencies between the old bug base (bugzilla.gnome.org) and the
new bug base (gitlab.gnome.org). It also has the advantage that the URI
passed to `g_test_bug()` is now clickable in the code editor, rather
than being split across two locations.
See https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/-/merge_requests/275#note_303175
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Teach `glib-mkenums` how to parse and ignore:
- `GLIB_AVAILABLE_ENUMERATOR_IN_x_xx`
- `GLIB_DEPRECATED_ENUMERATOR_IN_x_xx`
- `GLIB_DEPRECATED_ENUMERATOR_IN_x_xx_FOR(x)`
Future work could expose the deprecation/availability information as
substitutions in the template file, but this commit does not do that.
It does, however, add some unit tests for the annotations.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Fixes: #2327
Close output file to ensure all buffered output actually gets written.
Otherwise, glib-genmarshal output is sometimes empty (for example, when trying
to build gdk-pixbuf on Windows, with Meson installed from .msi package).
argparse.FileType doesn't get closed automagically when the script exits:
https://bugs.python.org/issue13824
Fixes https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/-/issues/2341
When included inside an `extern "C"` block, this causes build failures
that look something like:
/usr/include/c++/10/type_traits:2930:3: error: template with C linkage
2930 | template<typename _Fn, typename... _Args>
| ^~~~~~~~
../../disas/arm-a64.cc:20:1: note: ‘extern "C"’ linkage started here
20 | extern "C" {
| ^~~~~~~~~~
Commit 4273c43902 made this opt in for
projects which are defining `GLIB_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED`, but the include
of `<type_traits>` via `gmacros.h` was not included in this. If we move
the include out to the places where `glib_typeof` is called, we can make
it covered by this macro too, and save a few consumers from FTBFSing.
That also means that, if you don't want to fix your use of the headers,
and as long as this version is sufficient for you, a quick workaround is
to define `GLIB_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED` to `GLIB_VERSION_2_66` or lower.
Suggested by Simon McVittie.
Alternative to: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/-/merge_requests/1935
Fixes: https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/-/issues/2331
Convert all the call sites which use `g_memdup()`’s length argument
trivially (for example, by passing a `sizeof()`), so that they use
`g_memdup2()` instead.
In almost all of these cases the use of `g_memdup()` would not have
caused problems, but it will soon be deprecated, so best port away from
it.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Helps: #2319
We have a "good" implementation of g_clear_signal_handler() in
form of a macro. Use it, and don't duplicate the code.
Also add a comment to the documentation that "instance" in fact must
not point to a valid GObject instance -- if the handler ID is unset.
Also reword the documentation about the reasoning for why a macro
version exists. The reason is not to use the function "without
pointer cast". I don't think the non-macro version requires any
pointer cast, since "instance" is a void pointer. Was this referring
to the handler_id_ptr? That doesn't seem right either, because the
caller should always provide a "gulong *" pointer and nothing else.
Preferably macros behave function-like to minimize surprises. That
means for example that they evaluate all arguments exactly once.
Rework g_clear_signal_handler() to assign the macro parameters
to auto variables so they are accessed exactly once.
Also, drop the static assert for the size of (*handler_id_ptr).
As we now assign to a "gulong *" pointer, the compiler already
checks the types. In fact, the check is now stricter than before.
Previously it would have allowed a pointer to a "signed long".
This is a change in behavior of the macro and the stricter compile
check could cause a build failure with broken code.
Also, clear the handler id first, before calling
g_signal_handler_disconnect(). Disconnecting a signal invokes the
destroy notify, which can have side effects. It just feels cleaner
to first reset the *_handler_id_ptr, before those side effects
can happen. Of course, in practice it makes little difference.
g_signal_new_valist() is called by g_signal_new(), which is probably
the most common way to create a signal.
Also, in almost all cases is the number of signal parameters small.
Let's optimize for that by using a stack allocated buffer if we have
few parameters.
That changes the return type of functions like g_object_ref() that can
break C++ applications like Webkit. Note that it is not an ABI break.
It must thus be opt-in the same way we did when adding this to
g_object_ref() for GNU C compilers in the first place. Unfortunately it
cannot be done directly in gmacros.h because GLIB_VERSION_2_68 is not
defined there, and gversionmacros.h cannot be included there because
there is some strict ordering in which those headers must be included.
This means that applications that does not define
GLIB_VERSION_MIN_REQUIRED will still get an API break, so we encourage
them to declare their minimum requirement to avoir such issues in the
future too.
This change was previously implemented in
9ba17d511e but got dropped during the
Python conversion of the Perl script.
See the commit message of this commit as well as
https://bugzilla.gnome.org/show_bug.cgi?id=782162
for more information.
This patch also adds a new test so we don't loose this feature again.
Also adds a test that checks that the G_SIGNAL_RUN flags are handled
correctly and the class signal handler is called at the right times.
Fixes https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/issues/513
gobject/tests/ifaceproperties.c: In function ‘base_object_get_type’:
gobject/tests/ifaceproperties.c:321:1: error: missing initializer for field ‘value_table’ of ‘GTypeInfo’ {aka ‘const struct _GTypeInfo’}
321 | static DEFINE_TYPE_FULL (BaseObject, base_object,
| ^~~~~~
In file included from gobject/gobject.h:24,
from gobject/gbinding.h:29,
from glib/glib-object.h:22,
from gobject/tests/ifaceproperties.c:21:
gobject/gtype.h:1063:26: note: ‘value_table’ declared here
1063 | const GTypeValueTable *value_table;
| ^~~~~~~~~~~
gobject/tests/ifaceproperties.c: In function ‘test_iface_get_type’:
gobject/tests/ifaceproperties.c:144:1: error: missing initializer for field ‘class_finalize’ of ‘GTypeInfo’ {aka ‘const struct _GTypeInfo’}
144 | static DEFINE_IFACE (TestIface, test_iface, NULL, test_iface_default_init)
| ^~~~~~
In file included from gobject/gobject.h:24,
from gobject/gbinding.h:29,
from glib/glib-object.h:22,
from gobject/tests/ifaceproperties.c:21:
gobject/gtype.h:1054:26: note: ‘class_finalize’ declared here
1054 | GClassFinalizeFunc class_finalize;
| ^~~~~~~~~~~~~~
gobject/tests/signals.c: In function ‘test_introspection’:
gobject/tests/signals.c:1180:17: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘gint’ {aka ‘int’} and ‘guint’ {aka ‘unsigned int’}
1180 | for (i = 0; i < n_ids; i++)
| ^
gobject/tests/properties.c: In function ‘properties_get_property’:
gobject/tests/properties.c:562:17: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘int’ and ‘long unsigned int’
562 | for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS (test_props); i++)
| ^
gobject/tests/properties.c:583:17: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘int’ and ‘long unsigned int’
583 | for (i = 0; i < G_N_ELEMENTS (test_props); i++)
| ^
gobject/tests/dynamictests.c: In function ‘test_module_get_type’:
gobject/tests/dynamictests.c:97:7: error: missing initializer for field ‘value_table’ of ‘GTypeInfo’ {aka ‘const struct _GTypeInfo’}
97 | };
| ^
In file included from gobject/gobject.h:24,
from gobject/gbinding.h:29,
from glib/glib-object.h:22,
from gobject/tests/dynamictests.c:23:
gobject/gtype.h:1063:26: note: ‘value_table’ declared here
1063 | const GTypeValueTable *value_table;
| ^~~~~~~~~~~
gobject/gparam.c: In function ‘g_param_type_register_static’:
gobject/gparam.c:1434:3: error: missing initializer for field ‘value_table’ of ‘GTypeInfo’ {aka ‘struct _GTypeInfo’}
1434 | };
| ^
In file included from gobject/gvalue.h:26,
from gobject/gparam.h:26,
from gobject/gparam.c:26:
gobject/gtype.h:1063:26: note: ‘value_table’ declared here
1063 | const GTypeValueTable *value_table;
| ^~~~~~~~~~~
gobject/gtypemodule.c: In function ‘g_type_module_get_type’:
gobject/gtypemodule.c:154:7: error: missing initializer for field ‘value_table’ of ‘GTypeInfo’ {aka ‘const struct _GTypeInfo’}
154 | };
| ^
In file included from gobject/gtypeplugin.h:24,
from gobject/gtypemodule.c:22:
gobject/gtype.h:1063:26: note: ‘value_table’ declared here
1063 | const GTypeValueTable *value_table;
| ^~~~~~~~~~~
gobject/gtypeplugin.c: In function ‘g_type_plugin_get_type’:
gobject/gtypeplugin.c:91:7: error: missing initializer for field ‘class_init’ of ‘GTypeInfo’ {aka ‘const struct _GTypeInfo’}
91 | };
| ^
In file included from gobject/gtypeplugin.h:24,
from gobject/gtypeplugin.c:20:
gobject/gtype.h:1053:26: note: ‘class_init’ declared here
1053 | GClassInitFunc class_init;
| ^~~~~~~~~~
gobject/gtype.c: In function ‘iface_node_has_available_offset_L’:
gobject/gtype.c:1288:42: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘gsize’ {aka ‘long unsigned int’} and ‘int’
1288 | if (G_ATOMIC_ARRAY_DATA_SIZE (offsets) <= offset)
| ^~
The version of `black` on the CI server wanted these changes. Make them
to keep the `style-check-diff` CI job from constantly failing.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
This commit only looks at the `Returns:` lines in the documentation, and
has examined all of them in the file. Function arguments have not been
checked.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Helps: #2227
This commit only looks at the `Returns:` lines in the documentation, and
has examined all of them in the file. Function arguments have not been
checked.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Helps: #2227
This commit only looks at the `Returns:` lines in the documentation, and
has examined all of them in the file. Function arguments have not been
checked.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Helps: #2227
When this is called on the source or target, the weak notify of the
corresponding object is called without the GWeakRef being cleared.
See https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/-/issues/2266 for that issue.
This means that a strong reference to these zombie objects can be
retrieved from the GWeakRefs and the previous assumption that this can't
happen was wrong. Remove the assertion for that accordingly and handle
this case.
Specifically, all signal handlers and weak notifies of the object are
already gone and must not be disconnected/removed a second time, or
otherwise memory corruption would be caused. Instead just set the
GWeakRef to NULL and handle it otherwise as if the GWeakRef didn't give
a strong reference to begin with.
Fixes https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/glib/-/issues/2265
This especially has the effect that any GWeakRefs to the object will not
necessarily be set to NULL yet if called as part of
g_object_run_dispose() and not as part of g_object_unref().
gobject/tests/value.c: In function ‘test_valuearray_basic’:
gobject/tests/value.c:253:17: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘gint’ {aka ‘int’} and ‘guint’ {aka ‘unsigned int’}
253 | for (i = 0; i < a->n_values - 1; i++)
| ^
gobject/tests/value.c:257:17: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘gint’ {aka ‘int’} and ‘guint’ {aka ‘unsigned int’}
257 | for (i = 0; i < a->n_values; i++)
| ^
This was inconsistently handled before and only explicit unbinding or
finalizing the binding would've previously released the transform
function. If the source/target were finalized while more strong
references to the binding still existed then the transform function
would stay alive and only the binding itself would be deactivated.
Unbinding can happen from one thread while a property notification is
being handled concurrently in another one.
To solve this, introduce a reference counter for the transform function
that ensures that it always stays valid while in use and protect access
to the one stored inside the binding with the unbind mutex.
It's possible for g_binding_unbind() to be called at the same time as
one (or both) of source and target are being finalized. The resulting
unbinding needs to be protected with a mutex to ensure that it only
happens exactly once.
As the first reference is owned by both weak notifies and the caller of
g_object_bind_property(), additional indirections are needed to ensure that
unreffing the first reference after creation still unbinds the binding
as before. This seems to be a common code pattern and how this was
intended to be used, but is only safe in single-threaded contexts as it
relies on both the source and target object to be still alive.
Add a lot of comments to the code about all these dependencies and a
couple of assertions to ensure they hold valid.
Also document that inconsistent reference ownership handling of
g_binding_unbind() that makes it unfit for automatically generated
language bindings.
gobject/gobject.c: In function ‘g_object_new_internal’:
gobject/gobject.c:1962:25: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘gint’ {aka ‘int’} and ‘guint’ {aka ‘unsigned int’}
1962 | for (j = 0; j < n_params; j++)
| ^
gobject/gobject.c:1989:21: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘gint’ {aka ‘int’} and ‘guint’ {aka ‘unsigned int’}
1989 | for (i = 0; i < n_params; i++)
| ^
gobject/gobject.c: In function ‘g_object_new_with_custom_constructor’:
gobject/gobject.c:1836:21: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘gint’ {aka ‘int’} and ‘guint’ {aka ‘unsigned int’}
1836 | for (j = 0; j < n_params; j++)
| ^
gobject/gobject.c:1914:17: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘gint’ {aka ‘int’} and ‘guint’ {aka ‘unsigned int’}
1914 | for (i = 0; i < n_params; i++)
| ^
gobject/gobject.c: In function ‘g_object_class_install_properties’:
gobject/gobject.c:766:17: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘gint’ {aka ‘int’} and ‘guint’ {aka ‘unsigned int’}
766 | for (i = 1; i < n_pspecs; i++)
| ^
gobject/gtype.c: In function ‘g_type_interface_add_prerequisite’:
gobject/gtype.c:1607:21: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘guint’ {aka ‘unsigned int’} and ‘int’
1607 | for (i = 0; i < prerequisite_node->n_supers + 1; i++)
| ^
The problem occurs because we keep a pointer inside the allocated block,
instead of a pointer to the start of the block. This memory exists for
the lifetime of the application, so let's silence it.
This is probably abuse of VALGRIND_MALLOCLIKE_BLOCK(), which is really
intended for use in memory allocators, but gtype.c already uses it in
two other places, and it's a practical solution. I wrote another larger
fix for this issue that involves keeping an array of extra pointers when
running under valgrind. This is simpler.
Fix suggested by Philip Withnall
```
==180238== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are possibly lost in loss record 3,078 of 16,075
==180238== at 0x483BB1A: calloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:762)
==180238== by 0x5489495: g_malloc0 (gmem.c:132)
==180238== by 0x5489754: g_malloc0_n (gmem.c:364)
==180238== by 0x53FDBEE: type_set_qdata_W (gtype.c:3722)
==180238== by 0x53FDEE8: type_add_flags_W (gtype.c:3787)
==180238== by 0x53FC348: g_type_register_fundamental (gtype.c:2662)
==180238== by 0x53D969B: _g_enum_types_init (genums.c:124)
==180238== by 0x53FF058: gobject_init (gtype.c:4432)
==180238== by 0x53FF082: gobject_init_ctor (gtype.c:4493)
==180238== by 0x4010F29: call_init.part.0 (dl-init.c:72)
==180238== by 0x4011030: call_init (dl-init.c:30)
==180238== by 0x4011030: _dl_init (dl-init.c:119)
==180238== by 0x4002149: ??? (in /usr/lib64/ld-2.30.so)
```
Fixes#2076
The problem occurs because we keep a pointer inside the allocated block,
instead of a pointer to the start of the block:
```
==180238== 16 bytes in 1 blocks are possibly lost in loss record 3,086 of 16,075
==180238== at 0x483980B: malloc (vg_replace_malloc.c:309)
==180238== by 0x548942C: g_malloc (gmem.c:102)
==180238== by 0x54A4748: g_slice_alloc (gslice.c:1025)
==180238== by 0x53D0AAF: freelist_alloc (gatomicarray.c:77)
==180238== by 0x53D0B85: _g_atomic_array_copy (gatomicarray.c:133)
==180238== by 0x53F8E6D: iface_node_set_offset_L (gtype.c:1347)
==180238== by 0x53F91F1: type_node_add_iface_entry_W (gtype.c:1444)
==180238== by 0x53F93DF: type_add_interface_Wm (gtype.c:1477)
==180238== by 0x53FC946: g_type_add_interface_static (gtype.c:2852)
==180238== by 0x4A3D53A: gtk_menu_shell_accessible_get_type_once (gtkmenushellaccessible.c:26)
==180238== by 0x4A3D495: gtk_menu_shell_accessible_get_type (gtkmenushellaccessible.c:26)
==180238== by 0x4C8AC44: gtk_menu_shell_class_init (gtkmenushell.c:424)
```
Note we cannot use VALGRIND_FREELIKE_BLOCK() in freelist_free() because we
have not actually freed the FreeListNode and need to dereference it in
freelist_alloc() to decide whether to reuse the block. That would result
in a use-after-free warning before we would get a chance to call
VALGRIND_MALLOCLIKE_BLOCK() in the reuse path.
Also note that this free list only ever grows: it never shrinks for the
lifetime of the application, so nothing here will ever be truely freed,
although unused elements are eligible for reuse.
Fix suggested by Philip Withnall
Related: #2076
gobject/gtype.c: In function ‘type_node_add_iface_entry_W’:
gobject/gtype.c:1379:21: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘guint’ {aka ‘unsigned int’} and ‘int’
1379 | for (i = 0; i < num_entries; i++)
| ^
gobject/gtype.c: In function ‘lookup_iface_entry_I’:
gobject/gtype.c:599:17: error: comparison of integer expressions of different signedness: ‘int’ and ‘long unsigned int’
599 | if (index < IFACE_ENTRIES_N_ENTRIES (entries))
| ^
gobject/gatomicarray.h:51:8: note: in definition of macro ‘G_ATOMIC_ARRAY_DO_TRANSACTION’
51 | {_C_;} \
| ^~~
Half of the references to `init_state` in `gtype.c` already correctly
accessed it atomically, but a couple didn’t. Drop the `volatile`
qualifier from its declaration, as that’s not necessary for atomic
access.
Note that this is the `init_state` in `TypeData`, *not* the `init_state`
in `IFaceEntry`.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Helps: #600
These variables were already (correctly) accessed atomically. The
`volatile` qualifier doesn’t help with that.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Helps: #600
This is an API break, but no third party code should be touching
`GObject.ref_count`, let alone in a way which would be changed by the
removal of the `volatile` qualifier.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Helps: #600
This is an API break, but it should not affect third party code since
that code should not be interacting with the `data` member in a way that
invokes its `volatile` qualifier (such as copying to an intermediate
variable).
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Helps: #600
These variables were already (correctly) accessed atomically. The
`volatile` qualifier doesn’t help with that.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Helps: #600
http://isvolatileusefulwiththreads.in/c/
It’s possible that the variables here are only marked as volatile
because they’re arguments to `g_once_*()`. Those arguments will be
modified in a subsequent commit.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Helps: #600
The previous code consumed a larger additional amount of stack space.
That is because it would allocate the temporary buffer for GValues on
the stack with "g_newa (GValue, 1)" and thus the required stack
space grew with the number of arguments. Granted, this is already
a variadic C function, so the caller already placed that many elements
on the stack. For example, on the stack there are the property names
and the pointers to the arguments, which should amount to roughly
O(n_args * 16) (on 64 bit, with pointers being 8 bytes large).
That is not bad, because it means in the previous version the stack space
would grow linear with the already used stack space. However, a GValue is
an additional 24 bytes (on 64 bit), which probably more than doubles the
required stack space. Let's avoid that, by allocating the temporary list
on the heap after a certain threshold. This probably more than doubles the
number of possible arguments before the stack overflows.
Also, previously the heap allocated "params" array only grew one element
per iteration. Of course, it is likely that libc anyway reallocates
the buffers by growing the space exponentially. So realloc(ptr, 1)
probably does not O() scale worse than doubling the buffer sizes ourselves.
However, it seems clearer to keep track of the allocated sizes ourself, and
only call realloc() when we determine that we are out of space.
Especially because we need to update the value pointers on reallocation.
Note that we now require a heap allocation both for the "params" and the
"values" list. Theoretically that could be combined by using one buffer
for both. But that would make the code more complicated.
Now we pre-allocate buffers for 16 elements on the stack. That
is (16 * (16 + 24) bytes (or 640 bytes) on the stack. I think that
is still acceptable.
Two out of three callers pass the count argument from a variable
of type guint. And the third is currently an always positive gint.
We should use the correct integer type that matches the type as it
used otherwise.
This commit is the unmodified results of running
```
black $(git ls-files '*.py')
```
with black version 19.10b0. See #2046.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
Add a test for a signal returning interface types, using
the generic marshaller. This will hopefully exercise newly
added code in value_from_ffi_type().
This tests the new functionality that
g_type_interface_instantiable_prerequisite
was added for.
Before the changes, this fails with
GObject-WARNING **: Unable to convert a value of type \
GObject to a value of type Foo
We do the same test with g_object_bind_property_with_closures
as well, to exercise g_cclosure_marshal_generic.
Use the new g_type_interface_instantiable_prerequisite() to check
compatibility for transform functions.
In particular, this allows interfaces (in my case GDK_TYPE_PAINTABLE) to
be transformed to/from any GObject type (in my case G_TYPE_OBJECT) using
the transform function registered to transform between any 2 objects
(g_value_object_transform_value() does a type check and uses NULL if the
types don't match).
And this in turn allows be to g_object_bind_property() a gobject-typed
generic property (GtkListItem::item) to a GtkImage::paintable.
Tests for the new functionality are included.
Use the newly added g_type_interface_instantiable_prerequisite() to
allow closure return values being interfaces by looking up the
instantiable type for the interface and using its GValue accessors.
This function returns the most specific instantiatable type
that is a prerequisite for a given interface.
This type is necessary in particular when dealing with GValues
because a GValue contains an instance of a type.
This commit includes tests for the new API.
Rather than using a mixture of ‘instantiable’ and ‘instantiatable’
everywhere, standardise on the term which is already in the public API.
Signed-off-by: Philip Withnall <pwithnall@endlessos.org>
g_has_typeof macro is wrongly in the public g_ namespace, internaly
symbols are usually in the glib_ namespace. This will also allow to
define glib_typeof differently on non-GNUC compilers (e.g. c++11
decltype).
commit 916297be79 added a hash table
to provide constant time lookups of signal handlers.
Unfortunately, that commit neglected to remove handlers from
g_signal_connect_object calls from the hash table that are
disconnected implicitly when the associated object goes away.
This commit addresses that bug by changing the closure invalidate
handler associated with the signal connection to properly remove the
handler from the hash table.
